面条妈带你来精读，原来在北美，孩子的阅读理解是这样教（二）Cause and Effect

“今天天气有些凉啊，穿上外套再出门”

“多喝一些牛奶，这样才会长高高”

“做作业的时候把头抬高，否则很快就要近视了”

这些话妈妈们是不是都觉得很熟悉，是不是自己每天都在小朋友耳边念念碎碎？其实妈妈们每天无意识在做的，就是不停的强调因果关系。“因果”也是北美阅读教学里一个重要的部分，称为“Cause and Effect”。不过，除了在阅读理解里的应用，面条妈自己一直觉得，看的清事情的来龙去脉，理解行为和结果的关系，其实更多的是在培养小朋友系统性思维的能力，即使以后面对复杂的情况也能通过思考做出准确的决策；同时也是完善小朋友的社交能力，激发他们的探索能力，说不定以后我们的孩子就能成为那个能治愈癌症的人呢。扯远了，又想多了，嘻嘻

我想大部分小朋友对Cause and Effect都有概念，先给小朋友看个漫画做个轻松的导入吧

一天晚上，Joe阿姨做梦做到自己成了个蹦床明星，她就站起来在床上蹦啊蹦，结果掉在地上，疼的猛的醒过来，她大叫起来“啊，怎么回事啊，我怎么会在地上啊？” 小朋友能不能告诉爸爸妈妈，Joe阿姨为什么会在地上呢？

对了，就是因为她刚刚在床上跳了好一阵。这就是Cause，“因”指的是为什么，而掉在地上呢是一个结果，即Effect，小朋友可以看下面这张图例，记住两个关键字“Why”和“What”

那么刚才这漫画里，小朋友从那个句子找到了Effect？对了，就是这句“As a result, she fell off of the bed!" 引导小朋友想一下，除了“as a result”还有哪些关键字可以帮助辨别Cause and Effect？Bingo，是这些常用词啦：

小朋友还需要知道，一个原因可能会产生很多结果，譬如

而一个结果也可能是多个原因造成的，譬如

那在文中表述的时候，是不是都是因在前结果在后呢？当然不是，有的时候是Cause comes first，譬如这句：The students made a thousand dollars in their candy sale which means they get to go on their trip.而有的时候呢，则是Effect comes first，譬如这句：All of the students can eat in the cafeteria thanks to the donation of ten new tables.

爸爸妈妈可以用下面Thinking Map里的这个多重流程图帮助小朋友来梳理Cause and Effect，左边的圈圈里填写事情发生的原因，中间的圈圈是发生的事情，右边的圈圈填写事情发生的结果

如果一个Cause对应多个Effect，或者一个Effect是由多个Cause引起的，爸爸妈妈也可以让小朋友试试下面这种图表

给大家看一个其他小朋友完成的样例：

当然，这些都是比较浅显的Cause and Effect的概念，到了四年级开始，小朋友更多的就要训练在没有key word的情况下辨别出Cause and Effect了。好了，有些这些基本工，带着小朋友练练手吧

精 读 时 间 － Pink and Say by Patricia Polacco

大家可以在公众号的对话框回复"pink and say" 下载这个故事完整的PDF版，今天面条妈会带大家读1-4页，在这几页里找找Cause和Effect的关系

这是一个发生在南北战争时期的故事，爸爸妈妈可以先和孩子介绍一下故事的背景：

The Civil War is was a U.S. war between the Northern and Southern States, and it was one of the most violent and devastating events in U.S. history. President Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery, so 15 Southern states that practiced slavery decided to secede or break apart from the U.S. These 15 states called themselves the Confederate States of America. President Lincoln said that he would not accept secession and fought to keep those states in the Union. The soldiers fighting for the North were "Union" soldiers, and those fighting for the South were "Confederates."

这是一个真实的故事，由作者的祖辈代代口口相传下来，我们来看看从1-4页里，小朋友是否能梳理出这两个简单的因果关系

Cause：The boy has been shot in the leg.

Effect：He would slip in and out of consciousness.

Cause：The boy can't walk.

Effect：The second boy carries him.

后续的页面面条妈就不逐一贴了，大家可以下载完整版PDF，和小朋友一起继续讨论，以下为由老师整理出来的因果关系表：

Cause

Effect

The boys are separated from their  companies.

They walk home to Moe Moe Bay.

Moe Moe Bay’s husband went to fight the  war and all the others ran off.

Moe Moe Bay has been staying by herself  waiting for Pinkus to return.

Pink and Say are putting Moe Moe Bay in  danger by being there.

Pink wants to return to the war.

Pink was a slave owned by Mr. Aylee.

Pink’s last name is Aylee because he was  a slave.

So many men died in the war.

Young boys like Say had to start  fighting.

Say is ashamed that he can’t read.

He tells Pink and Moe Moe Bay about  touching Abraham Lincoln’s hand.

Say is grateful to Pink for saving his  life.

He decides to go back to the war out ofrespect for Pink.

Marauders came to ransack the house.

They killed Moe Moe Bay.

除了找出这本书里的Cause and Effect外，粑粑麻麻还可以和小朋友继续讨论如下的问题：

How old was Say when he got injured in the war? Could you imagine being a soldier in a war at that age?

Why was Pink’s mom so excited to see him?

Why is it so dangerous for Pink and Say to stay with Moe Moe Bay in her home?

Why did Pink and his father, Kaylo, have Master Aylee’s last name?

Pink and Say were both Union soldiers. How come Say was allowed to carry a gun but Pink wasn’t?

What was Pink fortunately able to learn as a slave?

What did Say do that was important?

Pink says, “This war has to be won or this sickness that has taken this land will never stop.” What is the “sickness” Pink is referring to?

Say gets upset when Pink says that he wants to return to fight in the war. Why is Say so upset? What is he holding back from Pink?

What did Pink want to do one last time before him and Say separated?

How does Patricia Polacco get readers to remember Pinkus Aylee?

前几天参加学校的Information Session，老师特地和我们强调，三年级了，小朋友阅读的重点应该从decoding转到comprehension。Decoding仅仅是可以把句子流利的读出来，而真的要做到理解还是需要家长一起参与多多讨论，所以我想上面的这些问题应该对小朋友进一步理解这本书有帮助吧