写于:2016-11-25
本系列为Uncovering The Logic of english的读书分享。
今天总算要写完了,战线太长。
谢谢大家陪我一起读书。
太冷门,冒冷汗。
今天介绍剩下所有的规则。有的大家很熟悉就不解释了。
Rule 14 Double the last consonant when adding a vowel suffix to
words ending in one vowel followed by one consonant, only if the
syllable before the suffix is accented.最
最This is always true for one-syllable words.
一个元音字母+一个辅音字母的单词需要双写辅音字母再加后缀的规则我觉得大家小时候应该都掌握的不错了。
原则就是,元音字母只有一个 & 音节必须重读,虽然有一些特殊情况,但我觉得中国学生搞混的情况不会很多。不赘述。
Rule 15 Single vowel Y changes to I when adding any ending,
unless the ending begins with I.
当结尾是单元音y的时候加后缀需要把y变成i再加,后缀以i开始的情况除外。
另:作者详细介绍了给了任何一个英语词加后缀原则的图表,有兴趣见推送二条。
Rule 16 Two I’s cannot be next to one another in English words.
因为不能两个I,因此变形当中就不需要再把y变成i了。
Skiing, radii, Hawaii and Hawaiian 这些属于外来词例外
Rule 17 TI, CI, and SI are used only at the beginning of any syllable
after the first one.
这条规则告诉我们si ti ci不会用在音节末尾,也不会用在一个词的开头。
ti,ci,si是来自拉丁语的发/ʃ/的写法。
si 有两种发音,请辅音/ ʃ /和浊辅音/ ʒ /
下表当中为什么si会发浊辅音/ ʒ /呢
那是因为他们结束的辅音都为/d/ 或 /z/,这些浊辅音将发音带入了后缀
Rule 18 SH spells / ʃ / at the beginning of a base word and at the
end of the syllable. SH never spells /sh/ at the beginning of any
syllable after the first one, except for the ending -ship.
/ ʃ /最普遍的发音来自于音图sh。但需要注意,sh发/ ʃ /的时候只会是在核心词开头或者在音节末尾,不会在中间的音节开头,除了-ship
因此在中间音节的开头需要发/ ʃ /的时候就会用ci,ti或者si这几个音图。
在法语里面/ ʃ /的音图是ch。
ch最常见的发音是/tʃ/ 如chair,cheeze ,英语中一共有三百多个词
来自希腊语的ch发/k/大概有一百多个词,如stomoach,orchid
来自法语的大概40个发/ ʃ /
Rule 19 To make a verb past tense, add the ending ED unless it is an
irregular verb.
地球人都知道
Rule 20 ED, past tense ending, forms another syllable when the
base word ends in /d/ or /t/. Otherwise, ED says /d/ or /t/.
这部分作者讲了很多动词的不规则变型。
虽然大家都很讨厌不规则这回事,但据说英语只有178个,现代希腊语有500个,意大利语有400个,冰岛语有350个,所以我们是不是该庆幸?
不规则变型作者也做了一些分类,以后给孩子记的时候可以用起来。也比乱记好多了。
Rule 21 To make a noun plural, add the ending -S unless the word
hisses or changes, then add -ES. Occasional nouns have no change
or an irregular spelling.
地球人都知道
Rule 22 To make a verb 3rd person singular, add the ending -S,
unless the word hisses or changes, then add -ES. Only four verbs
are irregular.
地球人都知道
Rule 23 Al- is a prefix written with one L when preceding another
syllable.
用在前缀的时候不能拼成all-
Rule 24 -Ful is a suffix written with one L when added to another
syllable.
用在后缀的时候不要拼成-full
以上规则只有几个例外词
Rule 25 DGE is used only after a single vowel which says its short
(first) sound.
Dge不会用在双元音,或者几个字母组成的元音后面。
Rule 26 CK is used only after a single vowel which says its short
(first) sound.
ck和dge同理
Rule 27 TCH is used only after a single vowel which does not say
its name.
Rule 28 AUGH, EIGH, IGH, OUGH. Phonograms ending in GH are
used only at the end of a base word or before the letter T. The GH is
either silent or pronounced /f/.
用在词尾,不发音,或者发/f/
T前面通常不发音:fight,eight等
6个发/f/的单词
Rule 29 Z, never S, spells /z/ at the beginning of a base word.
Zipper,zoo,zebra
总之在句首发/z/的绝不是s
Rule 30 We often double F, L, and S after a single vowel at the end
of a base word. Occasionally other letters also are doubled.
其他字母也会在词尾double,只不过f,l,s更多而已。
最后,再举一个作者用rules分析单词的例子。
愿你能从这个系列的分享中有所收获~