这篇文章与仔细分析了一下孩子的学习过程。它并没有花很大篇幅专门说学英语。但是学英语和学其它东西一样,孩子有个接受方式和过程的问题。如果对孩子学习过程有所理解,同样地道理也许也适用于学英语这件事。
我能看个大概,并不能特别精确翻译。
How children learn孩子是怎样学东西的
By Sue Clarke, teacher and trainer, British Council, Portugal
Introduction
Your child is an individual and different from all others. The way your child learns best depends on many factors: age; learning style, personality. Read the notes below, and think about your child. This will help you to choose activities and methods that will suit your child best.
孩子是一个单体个人,每个孩子都不一样。你孩子是怎样学习的,取决于年龄、学习风格、个性等因素。下面这些内容帮你判断你孩子属于哪种学习者,怎样的方法对他最合适。
Children pass through different stages of learning
孩子的学习过程经历几个阶段。
• A baby or infant learns about the world through reacting to input through the senses.
一个宝宝通过感觉对外界做出反应。
• From about two until seven years old the child starts to develop the ability to reason and think, but is still self-centred.
2-7岁,孩子逐渐有了推理、思考能力,但是还是自我中心的。
• After the age of about seven a child usually becomes less self-centred and can look outside themselves. By the age of 12 most children can reason and test out their ideas about the world.
7岁以后,孩子的自我中心意识逐渐降低,开始关注外部世界。到12岁孩子基本能对世界有自己的认识。
• This means that with younger children we need to personalise and give examples which relate to themselves, whereas older children need help to make sense of the world around them. This also means that children must be at the right stage ready to learn. For example younger children are ready to acquire the concepts of number, colour and shape but are not ready for abstract grammatical rules.
这意味着对于年幼孩子,我们需要让他们的学习和自己的生活(看到的,碰到的)紧密关联,便于他们理解。对年龄大些的孩子,我们帮助他们去理解外部世界。这样意味着,孩子在不同的阶段应该学习不同的东西。例如,年幼孩子可以去学数字、颜色和形状,但是去学语法规则就不合适。
What kind of learner is your child?
你孩子是一个什么样的学习者?
• It is important to understand how your child likes to learn best. Which are the child's dominant senses? Do they like pictures and reading? If so you can encourage your child to use drawings, pictures, maps or diagrams as part of their learning.
知道你孩子喜欢以什么样的方式去学习,是非常重要的。孩子对什么感觉最敏锐?他们喜欢图画或阅读么?如果是的,你可以鼓励他们用绘画、地图、图表作为学习的一部分。
• Some children like listening to explanations and reading aloud. You could use reading stories to encourage this kind of child. And most children enjoy learning through songs, chants and rhymes.
有些孩子喜欢倾听,喜欢读出来。你可以用讲故事去鼓励这些孩子。大多数孩子喜欢通过唱歌、儿歌等方式去学习。
• Does your child like to touch things and physically move about? Some children have tons of energy to burn off! You could play games to get them moving or running around, acting out rhymes or stories or even dancing!
你的孩子喜欢去触碰一些东西,而且比较好动么?有的孩子精力旺盛,你可以通过和他玩游戏、表演、跳舞等方式让他投入学习过程。
• Other quieter children may have a good vocabulary and be a good reader. Word games, crosswords, wordsearches, anagrams and tongue twisters would be good to encourage these children.
有的孩子可能词汇量丰富,是个爱读书的人。和他玩单词游戏,猜字游戏等是一个学习的好方式。
• Yet other children require logical, clear explanations of rules and patterns, or like to work out the rules for themselves. They may be good at maths too. For these children activities such as word puzzles, reading and writing puzzles, problem-solving, putting things in order or categories and computer games provide ideal opportunities for learning.
有的孩子逻辑能力强,他们也许数学也比较好。这些孩子,他们喜欢的学习活动可能就是玩拼图、解题、分类、计算机游戏等。
What kind of interaction does your child prefer?
你孩子喜欢什么样的交流方式?
• Some children are outgoing and sociable and can learn a language quickly because they want to communicate. They are not worried about making mistakes.
有的孩子外向、爱交往,学语言很快,因为他们愿意去沟通,不怕犯错误。
• Other children are quieter and more reflective. They learn by listening and observing what is happening. They don't like to make mistakes and will hang back until they are sure.
有的孩子很安静,爱反思。他们通过仔细听讲、观察来学习。他们不喜欢犯错误,如果不确定,不会采取行动。
• If your child is outgoing they may do best learning in groups with other children, whereas a quieter child may need more private, quiet time to feel more secure about learning a language. You can provide this in many ways – even through the bedtime story in English.
如果你的孩子是外向的,他们也许通过小组学习(和他人一起学习)取得最佳效果。如果孩子是安静而内向的,他们也许喜欢单独学习一门语言,有一定隐私。你也许可以通过睡前英语故事达到好效果。
Motivating your child
让你的孩子有学习动力
• For a child to be motivated learning needs to be fun and stress-free. Encourage them to follow their own interests and personal likes. For example if your child likes football he or she will probably like to read a story about football even if the level is a little difficult. Interest and motivation often allows children to cope with more difficult language.
要让一个孩子有学习动力,学习过程必须是有趣、不是很带压力的。鼓励他们培养自己的兴趣和个人喜好。例如,你的孩子喜欢足球,那么他就会有动力去读一本关于足球的书,即使这本书的语言有点难。兴趣和动力总能驱使一个孩子去克服这里面的语言难关。
• Try to provide as many fun activities as you can for learning English. Songs and music, videos and DVDs, any kind of game especially computer games are motivating for all children.
学英语的时候尽量多做一些相关的有趣活动。唱歌,音乐,视频,录像,游戏,尤其是电脑游戏,这些都能提升孩子学习语言的动力。
For how long can your child concentrate?
你的孩子注意力能集中多久?
Children can usually only concentrate for short periods of time – when you are doing an activity with your child, using flashcards for example, or doing a worksheet, make sure that you stop or change activity when your child is bored or restless. This might be after only a few minutes.
孩子们的注意力不会持续太长,通常就几分钟。和你孩子学习时候,可以用闪卡,或者工作表之类的东西,确保当你孩子失去耐心之前转换新的活动。
Correcting your child's mistakes
纠正孩子的错误
Children respond well to praise and encouragement – let your child know when they have done something well. Don't criticise them too much when they make a mistake. It's natural to make mistakes when learning a language. Don't pick up on every grammatical mistake – encourage your child to use English to communicate.
孩子们受到表扬和鼓励的时候表现积极。他们做的好的地方,让他知道。如果他们犯了一点错,不要老是批评。学语言犯错很争吵,不用每次出现一个语法错误,就去纠正他。
Repetition and routines
重复和惯例
Children need to repeat language items many times to get them to ‘stick’ so don't be afraid to repeat games or do several different activities with the same language topic or set of words. Children often love to repeat the same song or story as it gives them a sense of confidence and familiarity.
孩子需要重复多次才能把学到的语言印到脑海里。经常重复玩过的游戏和活动,是很自然的。孩子们也喜欢重复,因为他们会从重复一首歌或故事中感受到一种自信、把控和熟悉感。
Establishing a regular routine for homework is also important. You can check what they have to do for homework and set up a regular time for doing it.
为孩子做家庭作业形成一个惯例也很重要。规定时间让他们去做,然后你去检查。
http://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/zh-hans/parents/articles/how-children-learn ;